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S2 2025 Jun Q4

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2025 June Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

A bag contains a large number of beads of the same size and shape. The beads are either black or white.

Black beads and white beads occur in the ratio 2 : 5 respectively.

In a game a player takes a random sample of 3 beads from the bag.

The player scores

  • 4 points for each black bead taken
  • 1 point for each white bead taken

The random variable XX represents the total number of points for the 3 beads.

(a) Find the sampling distribution of XX

(6)

A random sample of nn sets of 3 beads is taken. The random variable YY represents the number of these nn sets that have a total of exactly 9 points.

(b) Calculate the minimum value of nn such that P(Y⩾1)>0.95P(Y \geqslant 1) > 0.95

(3)

(Total for Question 4 is 9 marks)

题目中文翻译

一个袋子中装有大量大小和形状相同的珠子。珠子为黑色或白色。

黑色珠子和白色珠子的比例分别为 2 : 5。

在游戏中,玩家从袋子中随机抽取 3 颗珠子。

玩家得分

  • 每颗黑色珠子得 4 分
  • 每颗白色珠子得 1 分

随机变量 XX 表示 3 颗珠子的总分。

(a) 求 XX 的抽样分布。

(6)

随机抽取了 nn 组 3 颗珠子。随机变量 YY 表示这 nn 组中恰好得 9 分的组数。

(b) 计算使 P(Y⩾1)>0.95P(Y \geqslant 1) > 0.95 的最小 nn 值。

(3)

(第 4 题共 9 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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每颗黑珠的概率为 2/72/7,白珠为 5/75/7。设三颗中有 BB 颗黑珠,则 B∼B(3,2/7)B\sim B(3,2/7);总分为

 4B+(3−B) =3+3B,\begin{align*} &\,4B+(3-B)\\ &\,=3+3B, \end{align*}

所以可能得分为 3、6、9、12。分别计算 B=0,1,2,3B=0,1,2,3 的二项概率。

答题过程

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The probabilities of selecting a black or white bead are

 P(black)=27, P(white)=57.\begin{align*} &\,P(\text{black})=\frac27,\\ &\,P(\text{white})=\frac57. \end{align*}

Let BB be the number of black beads among the three selected. Then

B∼B⁡(3,27).B\sim\operatorname{B}\left(3,\frac27\right).

If there are BB black beads, the total score is

 X=4B+(3−B) =3+3B.\begin{align*} &\,X=4B+(3-B)\\ &\,=3+3B. \end{align*}

Therefore, the possible values of XX are 3,6,9,123,6,9,12, with

 P(X=3) =(57)3 =125343, P(X=6) =3(27)(57)2 =150343, P(X=9) =3(27)2(57) =60343, P(X=12) =(27)3 =8343.\begin{align*} &\,P(X=3)\\ &\,=\left(\frac57\right)^3\\ &\,=\frac{125}{343},\\[4mm] &\,P(X=6)\\ &\,=3\left(\frac27\right)\left(\frac57\right)^2\\ &\,=\frac{150}{343},\\[4mm] &\,P(X=9)\\ &\,=3\left(\frac27\right)^2\left(\frac57\right)\\ &\,=\frac{60}{343},\\[4mm] &\,P(X=12)\\ &\,=\left(\frac27\right)^3\\ &\,=\frac8{343}. \end{align*}

Hence the sampling distribution is

xxP(X=x)P(X=x)
3125343\dfrac{125}{343}
6150343\dfrac{150}{343}
960343\dfrac{60}{343}
128343\dfrac{8}{343}

(b)

解法一

思路

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每组恰好得 9 分的概率由 (a) 得到,为 60/34360/343。在 nn 组中至少出现一次,用补事件写成 1−(283/343)n1-(283/343)^n;建立不等式后取对数,并注意底数小于 1,所以除以负的对数时不等号方向反转。

答题过程

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For each set of three beads,

P(X=9)=60343.P(X=9)=\frac{60}{343}.

Hence,

Y∼B⁡(n,60343).Y\sim\operatorname{B}\left(n,\frac{60}{343}\right).

Using the complement,

P(Y≥1)> 0.951−P(Y=0)> 0.951−(283343)n> 0.95(283343)n< 0.05.\begin{align*} P(Y\geq1)>&\,0.95\\ 1-P(Y=0)>&\,0.95\\ 1-\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^n>&\,0.95\\ \left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^n<&\,0.05. \end{align*}

Taking logarithms,

nlog⁡(283343)<log⁡(0.05).n\log\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)<\log(0.05).

Since log⁡(283/343)<0\log(283/343)<0, dividing reverses the inequality:

n> log⁡(0.05)log⁡(283/343)n> 15.579….\begin{align*} n>&\,\frac{\log(0.05)} {\log(283/343)}\\ n>&\,15.579\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore, the minimum possible integer value is

n=16.\boxed{n=16}.

解法二

思路

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也可以在对数计算后验证相邻整数。直接计算 n=15n=15 与 n=16n=16 时“至少一组得 9 分”的概率,前者未超过 0.95,后者超过 0.95,因此可确认最小值。

答题过程

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At n=15n=15,

 1−(283343)15 =0.9441… <0.95.\begin{align*} &\,1-\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^{15}\\ &\,=0.9441\ldots\\ &\,<0.95. \end{align*}

At n=16n=16,

 1−(283343)16 =0.953881… >0.95.\begin{align*} &\,1-\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^{16}\\ &\,=0.953881\ldots\\ &\,>0.95. \end{align*}

Therefore, the minimum value is

n=16.\boxed{n=16}.