题目
Problem
A bag contains a large number of beads of the same size and shape. The beads are either black or white.
Black beads and white beads occur in the ratio 2 : 5 respectively.
In a game a player takes a random sample of 3 beads from the bag.
The player scores
- 4 points for each black bead taken
- 1 point for each white bead taken
The random variable X represents the total number of points for the 3 beads.
(a) Find the sampling distribution of X
(6)
A random sample of n sets of 3 beads is taken. The random variable Y represents the number of these n sets that have a total of exactly 9 points.
(b) Calculate the minimum value of n such that P(Y⩾1)>0.95
(3)
(Total for Question 4 is 9 marks)
题目中文翻译
一个袋子中装有大量大小和形状相同的珠子。珠子为黑色或白色。
黑色珠子和白色珠子的比例分别为 2 : 5。
在游戏中,玩家从袋子中随机抽取 3 颗珠子。
玩家得分
随机变量 X 表示 3 颗珠子的总分。
(a) 求 X 的抽样分布。
随机抽取了 n 组 3 颗珠子。随机变量 Y 表示这 n 组中恰好得 9 分的组数。
(b) 计算使 P(Y⩾1)>0.95 的最小 n 值。
(第 4 题共 9 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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每颗黑珠的概率为 2/7,白珠为 5/7。设三颗中有 B 颗黑珠,则 B∼B(3,2/7);总分为 4B+(3−B)=3+3B,所以可能得分为 3、6、9、12。分别计算 B=0,1,2,3 的二项概率。
答题过程
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The probabilities of selecting a black or white bead are
P(black)=72,P(white)=75.
Let B be the number of black beads among the three selected. Then
B∼B(3,72).
If there are B black beads, the total score is
X=4B+(3−B)=3+3B.
Therefore, the possible values of X are 3,6,9,12, with
P(X=3)=P(X=6)=P(X=9)=P(X=12)=(75)3=343125,3(72)(75)2=343150,3(72)2(75)=34360,(72)3=3438.
Hence the sampling distribution is
| x | 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 |
|---|
| P(X=x) | 343125 | 343150 | 34360 | 3438 |
(b)
解法一
思路
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每组恰好得 9 分的概率由 (a) 得到,为 60/343。在 n 组中至少出现一次,用补事件写成 1−(283/343)n;建立不等式后取对数,并注意底数小于 1,所以除以负的对数时不等号方向反转。
答题过程
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For each set of three beads,
P(X=9)=34360.
Hence,
Y∼B(n,34360).
Using the complement,
P(Y≥1)>1−P(Y=0)>1−(343283)n>(343283)n<0.950.950.950.05.
Taking logarithms,
nlog(343283)<log(0.05).
Since log(283/343)<0, dividing reverses the inequality:
n>n>log(283/343)log(0.05)15.579….
Therefore, the minimum possible integer value is
n=16.
解法二
思路
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官方评分资料也接受在对数计算后验证相邻整数。直接计算 n=15 与 n=16 时“至少一组得 9 分”的概率,前者未超过 0.95,后者超过 0.95,因此可确认最小值。
答题过程
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At n=15,
1−(343283)15=0.9441…<0.95.
At n=16,
1−(343283)16=0.9539…>0.95.
Therefore, the minimum value is
n=16.