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IAL 2025 Jun S2 Q4

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2025 June Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

A bag contains a large number of beads of the same size and shape. The beads are either black or white.

Black beads and white beads occur in the ratio 2 : 5 respectively.

In a game a player takes a random sample of 3 beads from the bag.

The player scores

  • 4 points for each black bead taken
  • 1 point for each white bead taken

The random variable XX represents the total number of points for the 3 beads.

(a) Find the sampling distribution of XX

(6)

A random sample of nn sets of 3 beads is taken. The random variable YY represents the number of these nn sets that have a total of exactly 9 points.

(b) Calculate the minimum value of nn such that P(Y1)>0.95P(Y \geqslant 1) > 0.95

(3)

(Total for Question 4 is 9 marks)

题目中文翻译

一个袋子中装有大量大小和形状相同的珠子。珠子为黑色或白色。

黑色珠子和白色珠子的比例分别为 2 : 5。

在游戏中,玩家从袋子中随机抽取 3 颗珠子。

玩家得分

  • 每颗黑色珠子得 4 分
  • 每颗白色珠子得 1 分

随机变量 XX 表示 3 颗珠子的总分。

(a) 求 XX 的抽样分布。

随机抽取了 nn 组 3 颗珠子。随机变量 YY 表示这 nn 组中恰好得 9 分的组数。

(b) 计算使 P(Y1)>0.95P(Y \geqslant 1) > 0.95 的最小 nn 值。

(第 4 题共 9 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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每颗黑珠的概率为 2/72/7,白珠为 5/75/7。设三颗中有 BB 颗黑珠,则 BB(3,2/7)B\sim B(3,2/7);总分为 4B+(3B)=3+3B4B+(3-B)=3+3B,所以可能得分为 3、6、9、12。分别计算 B=0,1,2,3B=0,1,2,3 的二项概率。

答题过程

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The probabilities of selecting a black or white bead are

P(black)=27,P(white)=57.P(\text{black})=\frac27, \qquad P(\text{white})=\frac57.

Let BB be the number of black beads among the three selected. Then

BB(3,27).B\sim\operatorname{B}\left(3,\frac27\right).

If there are BB black beads, the total score is

X=4B+(3B)=3+3B.X=4B+(3-B)=3+3B.

Therefore, the possible values of XX are 3,6,9,123,6,9,12, with

P(X=3)=(57)3=125343,P(X=6)=3(27)(57)2=150343,P(X=9)=3(27)2(57)=60343,P(X=12)=(27)3=8343.\begin{align*} P(X=3) =&\,\left(\frac57\right)^3 =\frac{125}{343},\\ P(X=6) =&\,3\left(\frac27\right) \left(\frac57\right)^2 =\frac{150}{343},\\ P(X=9) =&\,3\left(\frac27\right)^2 \left(\frac57\right) =\frac{60}{343},\\ P(X=12) =&\,\left(\frac27\right)^3 =\frac8{343}. \end{align*}

Hence the sampling distribution is

xx36912
P(X=x)P(X=x)125343\dfrac{125}{343}150343\dfrac{150}{343}60343\dfrac{60}{343}8343\dfrac{8}{343}

(b)

解法一

思路

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每组恰好得 9 分的概率由 (a) 得到,为 60/34360/343。在 nn 组中至少出现一次,用补事件写成 1(283/343)n1-(283/343)^n;建立不等式后取对数,并注意底数小于 1,所以除以负的对数时不等号方向反转。

答题过程

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For each set of three beads,

P(X=9)=60343.P(X=9)=\frac{60}{343}.

Hence,

YB(n,60343).Y\sim\operatorname{B}\left(n,\frac{60}{343}\right).

Using the complement,

P(Y1)>0.951P(Y=0)>0.951(283343)n>0.95(283343)n<0.05.\begin{align*} P(Y\geq1)>&\,0.95\\ 1-P(Y=0)>&\,0.95\\ 1-\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^n>&\,0.95\\ \left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^n<&\,0.05. \end{align*}

Taking logarithms,

nlog(283343)<log(0.05).n\log\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)<\log(0.05).

Since log(283/343)<0\log(283/343)<0, dividing reverses the inequality:

n>log(0.05)log(283/343)n>15.579.\begin{align*} n>&\,\frac{\log(0.05)} {\log(283/343)}\\ n>&\,15.579\ldots. \end{align*}

Therefore, the minimum possible integer value is

n=16.\boxed{n=16}.

解法二

思路

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官方评分资料也接受在对数计算后验证相邻整数。直接计算 n=15n=15n=16n=16 时“至少一组得 9 分”的概率,前者未超过 0.95,后者超过 0.95,因此可确认最小值。

答题过程

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At n=15n=15,

1(283343)15=0.9441<0.95.1-\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^{15} =0.9441\ldots<0.95.

At n=16n=16,

1(283343)16=0.9539>0.95.1-\left(\frac{283}{343}\right)^{16} =0.9539\ldots>0.95.

Therefore, the minimum value is

n=16.\boxed{n=16}.