题目
When purchasing a pair of glasses from an optician, customers are offered insurance to cover accidental damage.
Past records from the optician show that 30% of customers buy insurance when they purchase a pair of glasses.
In a random sample of 40 customers who have purchased a pair of glasses, represents the number who buy insurance.
(a) State a suitable model for the distribution of
(b) State a necessary assumption for the model in part (a) to be valid.
The probability that fewer than customers who have purchased a pair of glasses buy insurance is less than 0.05
(c) Find the largest possible value of
A second random sample of 200 customers who have purchased a pair of glasses is taken.
Using a normal approximation, the probability that at least of these 200 customers buy insurance is 0.9474, correct to 4 decimal places.
(d) Find the value of . You must show your working.
The optician decided to introduce a special offer in which customers who purchase a pair of glasses get the first three months of insurance free if they buy insurance.
Following this, a random sample of 25 customers who purchase a pair of glasses is taken and 11 of them buy insurance.
(e) Test, at the 10% level of significance, whether or not there is evidence that the proportion of customers who buy insurance when purchasing a pair of glasses has increased. State your hypotheses clearly.
(Total for Question 7 is 14 marks)
题目中文翻译
从眼科医生处购买眼镜时,顾客可获得意外损坏保险。
眼科医生的过往记录显示,30% 的顾客在购买眼镜时会购买保险。
在随机抽取的 40 名已购买眼镜的顾客中, 表示购买保险的人数。
(a) 说明 分布的合适模型。
(b) 说明 (a) 中模型有效所需的一个必要假设。
购买眼镜的顾客中少于 人购买保险的概率小于 0.05
(c) 求 的最大可能值。
又随机抽取了 200 名已购买眼镜的顾客样本。
使用正态近似,这 200 名顾客中至少 人购买保险的概率为 0.9474(精确到 4 位小数)。
(d) 求 的值。你必须展示你的计算过程。
眼科医生决定推出一项特别优惠:购买眼镜的顾客如果购买保险,前三个月免费。
此后,随机抽取了 25 名购买眼镜的顾客样本,其中 11 人购买了保险。
(e) 在 10% 的显著性水平下,检验是否有证据表明购买眼镜时购买保险的顾客比例已经增加。清楚地陈述你的假设。
(第 7 题共 14 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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样本量固定为 40,每名顾客只有“购买保险”或“不购买保险”两种结果,购买保险的概率为 0.3。因此可使用二项分布模型。
答题过程
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A suitable model is
(b)
解法一
思路
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二项模型要求各次试验相互独立,并且成功概率保持不变。题目只要求一个必要假设,可说明不同顾客是否购买保险彼此独立。
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A necessary assumption is that
(c)
解法一
思路
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因为 只能取整数,“少于 人”表示 。检查相邻整数边界: 小于 0.05,而 已大于 0.05,因此最大整数 为 7。
答题过程
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Using ,
but
Therefore, the largest possible integer value is
(d)
解法一
思路
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200 人中购买保险的人数服从 ,其均值为 60、方差为 42。用 近似时,“至少 人”经连续性修正成为正态变量大于 。上尾概率 0.9474 对应标准正态分位数约为 ,由此解出整数 。
答题过程
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Let be the number, out of 200 customers, who buy insurance. Then
Its mean and variance are
and
Therefore,
Using a continuity correction,
Since ,
Hence,
As is an integer,
(e)
解法一
思路
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令 为推出优惠后购买保险的顾客比例。题目检验比例是否增加,因此使用右尾二项检验;在原假设下样本人数服从 。计算观察到至少 11 人的概率,并与显著性水平 0.10 比较。
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Let be the proportion of customers who buy insurance after the special offer. The hypotheses are
Let be the number who buy insurance in the sample of 25. Under ,
For the observed value ,
Since
is rejected. There is sufficient evidence at the significance level to suggest that the proportion of customers who buy insurance has increased.
解法二
思路
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官方评分资料也接受临界区域法。在 下,右尾概率首次不超过 0.10 的边界为 11,因此临界区域是 ;观察值正好落入临界区域。
答题过程
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Under , . The upper-tail probabilities at adjacent boundaries are
and
Hence, the critical region is
The observed value is , which lies in the critical region. Therefore, is rejected, and there is sufficient evidence at the significance level to suggest that the proportion of customers who buy insurance has increased.