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IAL 2025 Oct S2 Q2

A Level / Edexcel / S2

IAL 2025 Oct Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

The manager of a supermarket records the number of complaints, xx, the supermarket receives each day over a 50-day period. The results are summarised below.

\sum x=&\,99,\\ \sum(x-\bar{x})^2=&\,97.5. \end{aligned}$$ The manager believes that the number of complaints received by the supermarket each day could be modelled by a Poisson distribution. (a) Show how the results above support the manager in his belief. <div style="text-align: right;">(3)</div> The manager uses a Poisson distribution with mean 2 to model the number of complaints received each day. (b) For a randomly selected day, find using the manager's model, the probability that there are (i) at least 4 complaints received, (ii) more than 2 but less than 7 complaints received. <div style="text-align: right;">(4)</div> A working week consists of 5 consecutive days. In a randomly selected working week, the supermarket received 17 complaints. (c) Test, at the 5% level of significance, whether there is significant evidence that the mean number of complaints received is greater than 2 per day. State your hypotheses clearly. <div style="text-align: right;">(5)</div> (Total for Question 2 is 12 marks)
题目中文翻译

一位超市经理记录了 50 天内超市每天收到的投诉数量 xx。结果汇总如下。

x=99,(xxˉ)2=97.5.\begin{aligned} \sum x=&\,99,\\ \sum(x-\bar{x})^2=&\,97.5. \end{aligned}

经理认为超市每天收到的投诉数量可以用泊松分布建模。

(a) 说明上述结果如何支持经理的信念。

经理使用均值为 2 的泊松分布来建模每天收到的投诉数量。

(b) 对于随机选择的一天,使用经理的模型求以下情况的概率

(i) 至少收到 4 次投诉,

(ii) 收到超过 2 次但少于 7 次投诉。

一个工作周由连续 5 天组成。

在随机选择的一个工作周内,超市收到了 17 次投诉。

(c) 在 5% 的显著性水平下,检验是否有显著证据表明每天收到的投诉平均数大于 2 次。清楚地陈述你的假设。

(第 2 题共 12 分)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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泊松分布的重要性质是均值与方差相等。利用 50 天的数据分别计算样本均值和方差;若两者非常接近,就说明泊松模型与数据相容。

答题过程

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The mean number of complaints is

xˉ=x50=9950=1.98.\bar{x}=\frac{\sum x}{50} =\frac{99}{50}=1.98.

The variance is

(xxˉ)250=97.550=1.95.\frac{\sum(x-\bar{x})^2}{50} =\frac{97.5}{50}=1.95.

Since the mean and variance are very similar, the results support the manager’s belief that a Poisson distribution is suitable.

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

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按经理的模型,每天投诉数 XX 服从均值为 22 的泊松分布。“至少 4 次”使用补事件写成 1P(X3)1-P(X\leq3)

答题过程

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Let XPo(2)X\sim\operatorname{Po}(2). Then

P(X4)=1P(X3)=10.857123=0.142877=0.143(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(X\geq4) =&\,1-P(X\leq3)\\ =&\,1-0.857123\ldots\\ =&\,0.142877\ldots\\ =&\,\boxed{0.143}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

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“超过 2 次但少于 7 次”对应整数范围 3X63\leq X\leq6。用两个累积概率之差 P(X6)P(X2)P(X\leq6)-P(X\leq2) 计算。

答题过程

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Using XPo(2)X\sim\operatorname{Po}(2),

P(2<X<7)=P(X6)P(X2)=0.9954660.676676=0.318789=0.319(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(2<X<7) =&\,P(X\leq6)-P(X\leq2)\\ =&\,0.995466\ldots-0.676676\ldots\\ =&\,0.318789\ldots\\ =&\,\boxed{0.319}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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λ\lambda 表示每天的平均投诉数。题目检验是否大于 22,因此是右尾检验。五天内的总投诉数在原假设下服从均值 5×2=105\times2=10 的泊松分布;计算观察到 17 次或更多的概率并与 0.050.05 比较。

答题过程

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Let λ\lambda be the mean number of complaints per day. The hypotheses are

H0:λ=2,H1:λ>2.H_0:\lambda=2, \qquad H_1:\lambda>2.

Let YY be the total number of complaints in a five-day working week. Under H0H_0,

YPo(10).Y\sim\operatorname{Po}(10).

For the observed value Y=17Y=17,

P(Y17)=1P(Y16)=0.027041.\begin{align*} P(Y\geq17) =&\,1-P(Y\leq16)\\ =&\,0.027041\ldots. \end{align*}

Since 0.027041<0.050.027041\ldots<0.05, H0H_0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence at the 5%5\% significance level to suggest that the mean number of complaints is greater than 2 per day.

解法二

思路

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也可确定右尾临界区域。寻找使上尾概率不超过 0.050.05 的最小整数边界:Y16Y\geq16 合格,而扩展到 Y15Y\geq15 就超过显著性水平。观察值 17 位于临界区域内。

答题过程

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Under H0H_0, YPo(10)Y\sim\operatorname{Po}(10). The adjacent upper-tail probabilities are

P(Y15)=0.08346>0.05P(Y\geq15)=0.08346\ldots>0.05

and

P(Y16)=0.04874<0.05.P(Y\geq16)=0.04874\ldots<0.05.

Therefore, the critical region is

Y16.Y\geq16.

Since the observed value 1717 is in the critical region, H0H_0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence that the mean number of complaints is greater than 2 per day.