题目
It is known that a particular variety of tulip produces yellow flowers with a probability of 0.25
A random sample of 15 tulips of this variety is purchased.
(a) Find the probability that more than 4 of these tulips will produce yellow flowers.
(b) Find the least number of tulips that needs to be purchased so that the probability of at least 1 tulip producing yellow flowers exceeds 0.95
Another random sample of 100 tulips of this variety is purchased.
(c) Use a suitable approximation to find the probability that, of these 100 tulips, more than 21 but no more than 30 will produce yellow flowers. Show your working clearly.
(Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.)
For this particular variety, it is thought that the probability of a tulip producing red flowers is 0.3
A random sample of 25 tulips of this variety was purchased. When these tulips flowered, 10 of them produced red flowers.
(d) Use this random sample of 25 tulips to test whether this variety of tulip has a probability greater than 0.3 of producing red flowers. Use a 10% level of significance and state your hypotheses clearly.
(Total for Question 5 is 15 marks)
题目中文翻译
已知某个郁金香品种以 0.25 的概率开出黄色花朵。
随机购买了 15 株该品种的郁金香。
(a) 求超过 4 株郁金香开出黄色花朵的概率。
(b) 求需要购买的最少郁金香数量,使得至少 1 株开出黄色花朵的概率超过 0.95。
又随机购买了 100 株该品种的郁金香。
(c) 使用适当的近似方法求在这 100 株郁金香中,超过 21 株但不超过 30 株开出黄色花朵的概率。清楚地展示你的计算过程。
对于该品种,认为郁金香开出红色花朵的概率为 0.3。
随机购买了 25 株该品种的郁金香。当这些郁金香开花时,其中 10 株开出了红色花朵。
(d) 使用此 25 株郁金香的随机样本来检验该品种开出红色花朵的概率是否大于 0.3。使用 10% 的显著性水平并清楚地陈述你的假设。
(第 5 题共 15 分)
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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令 表示 15 株中开黄花的株数,则 。“超过 4 株”是 ,使用补事件 计算。
答题过程
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Let be the number of tulips producing yellow flowers. Then
Hence,
(b)
解法一
思路
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设购买 株。“至少 1 株开黄花”的补事件是全部不开黄花,其概率为 。建立严格不等式后取对数;由于 ,除以它时不等号方向必须反转。
答题过程
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We require
Taking logarithms, and noting that ,
Therefore, the least possible integer is
解法二
思路
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官方评分资料也接受检验相邻整数。分别计算购买 10 株和 11 株时至少 1 株开黄花的概率,即可确认满足条件的最小整数。
答题过程
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For ,
For ,
Hence, the least number of tulips required is
(c)
解法一
思路
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黄花株数服从 。因为 、 都足够大,可用均值 、方差 的正态分布近似。整数范围 经连续性修正后变为 。
答题过程
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Let . Using a normal approximation,
Applying a continuity correction,
The standardised lower and upper boundaries are
and
Therefore,
(d)
解法一
思路
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令 表示开红花的概率。题目检验它是否大于 ,所以是右尾检验。在原假设下红花株数服从 ;计算观察值 10 或更多的上尾概率,并与显著性水平 比较。
答题过程
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Let be the probability that a tulip produces red flowers. The hypotheses are
Under , let
For the observed value ,
Since , is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence at the significance level to suggest that the probability of a tulip producing red flowers is greater than .
解法二
思路
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也可找出右尾检验的临界区域。 的概率不超过 ,而把边界扩展到 后会超过 ,所以观察值 10 不在临界区域。
答题过程
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Under ,
whereas
Thus the critical region is
The observed value is not in the critical region, so is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence that the probability of producing red flowers is greater than .