题目
An optician is testing patients for a specific eye condition.
It is known from past records that 5% of patients have this eye condition.
(a) Find the probability that from a random sample of 30 patients
(i) exactly one patient has the eye condition,
(ii) no more than 2 patients have the eye condition.
The optician claims that the proportion of patients with the eye condition has changed.
A random sample of 150 patients is taken and 13 have the eye condition.
(b) Using a suitable approximation, carry out an appropriate test to investigate the optician’s claim. Use a 5% level of significance and state your hypotheses clearly.
(Total for Question 4 is 8 marks)
题目中文翻译
一位眼科医生正在检测患者是否患有特定眼疾。
根据过去的记录,已知 5% 的患者患有此眼疾。
(a) 求在随机抽取的 30 名患者中
(i) 恰好有一名患者患有此眼疾的概率,
(ii) 不超过 2 名患者患有此眼疾的概率。
眼科医生声称患有此眼疾的患者比例已经改变。
随机抽取了 150 名患者样本,其中 13 人患有此眼疾。
(b) 使用适当的近似方法,进行适当的检验来调查眼科医生的声明。使用 5% 的显著性水平并清楚地陈述你的假设。
(第 4 题共 8 分)
解答
(a)(i)
解法一
思路
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令 表示 30 名患者中患有该眼疾的人数,则 。把 代入二项分布的单点概率公式。
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Let be the number of patients, out of 30, who have the eye condition. Then
Therefore,
(a)(ii)
解法一
思路
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“不超过 2 人”对应 ,因此把 的二项概率相加,或直接使用二项分布的累积概率。
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Using the same binomial distribution,
(b)
解法一
思路
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“比例已经改变”表示双尾检验。原假设下样本人数服从 ;由于 大而 小,用均值 的泊松分布近似。观察值 在均值上方,因此计算上尾概率,并与双尾检验单侧的 比较。
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Let be the proportion of patients who have the eye condition. The hypotheses are
Under , the number of affected patients in the sample has distribution . Since is large and is small,
For the observed value ,
This is a two-tailed test, and
Therefore, is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence at the significance level to suggest that the proportion of patients with the eye condition has changed.
解法二
思路
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也可直接找出泊松近似下的双尾临界区域。每一尾的概率不能超过 :下尾边界为 ,上尾边界为 。观察值 不在临界区域,因此结论相同。
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Using ,
and
The adjacent outcomes would make the corresponding tail probability exceed , so the critical region is
The observed value is not in the critical region. Therefore, is not rejected, and there is insufficient evidence that the proportion of patients with the eye condition has changed.