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IAL 2022 Jan S3 UNUSED Q1

A Level / Edexcel / S3

IAL 2022 Jan Unused Paper · Question 1

题目

Problem

The Headteacher of a school is thinking about making changes to the school day.

She wants to take a sample of 60 students so that she can find out what the students think about the proposed changes.

The names of the 1200 students of the school are listed alphabetically.

(a) Explain how the Headteacher could take a systematic sample of 60 students.

(3)

(b) (i) Explain why systematic sampling is likely to be quicker than simple random sampling in this situation.

(1)

(ii) With reference to this situation,

• explain why systematic sampling may introduce bias compared to simple random sampling • give an example of the bias that may occur when using this alphabetical list

(2)

When the Headteacher completes the systematic sample of size 60 she finds that 6 students were to be selected from Year 9.

The Head of Mathematics suggests that a stratified sample of size 60 would be a more appropriate method.

There were 200 students in Year 9.

(c) Explain why this suggests that a stratified sample of size 60 may be better than the systematic sample taken by the Headteacher.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)
题目中文翻译

一所学校的校长正在考虑对上课日做出一些改变。

她希望抽取 60 名学生的样本,以了解学生对拟议改动的看法。

该校 1200 名学生的名字按字母顺序排列。

(a) 说明校长如何抽取 60 名学生的系统抽样。

(b) (i) 说明为什么在这种情况下,系统抽样可能比简单随机抽样更快。

(ii) 针对这个情境,

• 说明为什么与简单随机抽样相比,系统抽样可能引入偏差 • 给出使用这份按字母顺序排列的名单时可能出现的偏差示例

当校长完成 60 人的系统抽样后,她发现其中 6 名学生应来自 9 年级。

数学科主任建议,抽取 60 人的分层抽样可能更合适。

9 年级共有 200 名学生。

(c) 说明为什么这表明 60 人的分层抽样可能比校长所做的系统抽样更好。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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系统抽样的间隔为总体人数除以样本量,即 1200÷60=201200\div60=20。先把学生编号,再在第一个间隔内随机选起点,之后每隔 2020 人选一名。

答题过程

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Number the students from 1 to 1200. Since

120060=20,\frac{1200}{60}=20,

choose a random starting number from 1 to 20, and then select that student and every 20th student after that until 60 students have been selected.

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

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简单随机抽样需要产生许多随机号码,而系统抽样只需随机产生一个起始号码,之后的选取由固定间隔自动确定。

答题过程

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Only one random number is needed to choose the starting point; all the remaining students are then selected using the fixed interval of 20.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

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名单按字母排序,不是随机排列,固定间隔会令许多可能的样本组合根本无法出现。例如兄弟姐妹通常姓氏相同、在名单中相邻,系统抽样不太可能同时选中他们,因此某些家庭可能代表不足。

答题过程

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The list is ordered alphabetically rather than randomly, so not every possible group of 60 students can be selected. For example, siblings with the same surname are likely to be close together on the list and are therefore unlikely to be selected together by an interval of 20. This could under-represent students from the same family.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先按 9 年级占全校学生的比例计算其应有配额。分层抽样应选出 1010 名 9 年级学生,而系统抽样只选出 66 名,说明后者对该年级代表不足。

答题过程

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In a stratified sample, the number of Year 9 students would be

2001200×60=10.\frac{200}{1200}\times60=10.

The systematic sample contains only 6 Year 9 students, so Year 9 is under-represented. A stratified sample would preserve the correct proportion of Year 9 students and would therefore be more representative of the school.