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IAL 2022 June S3 Q7

A Level / Edexcel / S3

IAL 2022 June Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The following table shows observed frequencies, where x is an integer, from an experiment to test whether or not a six-sided die is biased.

Number on die123456
Observed frequencyx+6x−8x+8x−5x+4x−5

A goodness of fit test is conducted to determine if there is evidence that the die is biased.

(a) Write down suitable null and alternative hypotheses for this test.

(1)

It is found that the null hypothesis is not rejected at the 5% significance level.

(b) Hence (i) find the minimum value of x

(8)

(ii) determine the minimum number of times the die was rolled.

(2)
(Total for Question 7 is 11 marks)
题目中文翻译

下表给出了一次实验中的观测频数,其中 x 为整数,该实验用于检验一个六面骰子是否有偏。

骰子点数123456
观测频数x+6x−8x+8x−5x+4x−5

进行了一次拟合优度检验,以判断是否有证据表明骰子有偏。

(a) 写出该检验的合适原假设和备择假设。

已知在 5% 显著性水平下不拒绝原假设。

(b) 因此 (i) 求 x 的最小值。

(ii) 求骰子被掷的最少次数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

这是检验六面骰子是否有偏的拟合优度检验。无偏骰子的六个点数等可能,因此原假设是离散均匀分布;备择假设则是该分布不均匀,也就是骰子有偏。

答题过程

展开 H0: The die follows a discrete uniform distribution,H1: The die does not follow a discrete uniform distribution.\begin{aligned} H_0:&\ \text{The die follows a discrete uniform distribution,}\\ H_1:&\ \text{The die does not follow a discrete uniform distribution.} \end{aligned}

(b)(i)

解法一

思路

展开

六个观测频数的总和是 6x6x。在原假设下六种点数等可能,所以每格期望频数均为 xx。先把各格的 OEO-E 写出并计算卡方统计量;再把题目给出的“不拒绝原假设”转化为统计量不超过临界值,从而求出整数 xx 的下界。

答题过程

展开

The total observed frequency is

(x+6)+(x8)+(x+8)+(x5)+(x+4)+(x5)=6x.(x+6)+(x-8)+(x+8)+(x-5)+(x+4)+(x-5)=6x.

Under H0H_0, the expected frequency for each face is therefore

E=6x6=x.E=\frac{6x}{6}=x.

Thus

χ2=(OE)2E=62+(8)2+82x+(5)2+42+(5)2x=230x.\begin{align*} \chi^2 =&\,\sum\frac{(O-E)^2}{E}\\ =&\,\frac{6^2+(-8)^2+8^2}{x}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{(-5)^2+4^2+(-5)^2}{x}\\ =&\,\frac{230}{x}. \end{align*}

There are 61=56-1=5 degrees of freedom. At the 5%5\% significance level, the upper-tail critical value is

χ52(0.05)=11.070.\chi^2_5(0.05)=11.070.

The question states that H0H_0 is not rejected. Hence

230x11.070x23011.070x20.7768\begin{align*} \frac{230}{x}\leq&\,11.070\\ x\geq&\,\frac{230}{11.070}\\ x\geq&\,20.7768\ldots \end{align*}

Since xx is an integer, its minimum value is

x=21.\boxed{x=21}.

解法二

思路

展开

官方评分资料也接受卡方统计量的等价计算式 χ2=O2EO\chi^2=\sum\frac{O^2}{E}-\sum O。在本题所有期望频数都等于 xx,用这个公式可以先合并观测频数平方,再得到同一个简式 230x\frac{230}{x}

答题过程

展开

Using the equivalent form of the chi-squared statistic,

χ2=O2EO.\chi^2=\sum\frac{O^2}{E}-\sum O.

Now

O2=(x+6)2+(x8)2+(x+8)2+(x5)2+(x+4)2+(x5)2=6x2+230.\begin{align*} \sum O^2 =&\,(x+6)^2+(x-8)^2+(x+8)^2\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+(x-5)^2+(x+4)^2+(x-5)^2\\ =&\,6x^2+230. \end{align*}

Since every expected frequency is xx and O=6x\sum O=6x,

χ2=6x2+230x6x=230x.\begin{align*} \chi^2 =&\,\frac{6x^2+230}{x}-6x\\ =&\,\frac{230}{x}. \end{align*}

As above, not rejecting H0H_0 gives

230x11.070,\frac{230}{x}\leq 11.070,

so x20.7768x\geq20.7768\ldots. Therefore,

x=21.\boxed{x=21}.

(b)(ii)

解法一

思路

展开

承接 (b)(i),实验的总频数是 6x6x。要使掷骰次数最少,应代入刚求出的最小整数 x=21x=21

答题过程

展开

From part (b)(i), the minimum value of xx is 2121. Therefore, the minimum number of rolls is

6x=6(21)=126.6x=6(21)=\boxed{126}.