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IAL 2025 Jun S3 Q8

A Level / Edexcel / S3

IAL 2025 jun Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

The weights, S kg, of bags of sand are such that S ~ N(18, 0.03^2).

Three bags of sand are selected at random.

(a) Using standardisation, calculate the probability that their total weight is more than 54.1 kg.

(4)

The weights, C kg, of bags of cement are such that C ~ N(25, 0.03^2).

Two bags of cement are selected at random.

(b) Using standardisation, calculate the probability that their weights differ by more than 0.02 kg.

(5)

The weights, P kg, of pallets are such that P ~ N(15, 0.2^2).

The random variable T represents the total weight, in kg, of 28 bags of sand with 5 bags of cement and a single pallet of weight P1.

(c) Using standardisation, calculate the probability that T < 30P1 + 190.

(6)
(Total for Question 8 is 15 marks)
题目中文翻译

沙袋的重量 S kg 满足 S ~ N(18, 0.03^2)。

随机选取 3 个沙袋。

(a) 用标准化方法求它们总重量大于 54.1 kg 的概率。

水泥袋的重量 C kg 满足 C ~ N(25, 0.03^2)。

随机选取 2 个水泥袋。

(b) 用标准化方法求它们重量相差超过 0.02 kg 的概率。

托盘的重量 P kg 满足 P ~ N(15, 0.2^2)。

随机变量 T 表示 28 个沙袋、5 个水泥袋和 1 个重量为 P1 的托盘的总重量,单位为 kg。

(c) 用标准化方法求 T < 30P1 + 190 的概率。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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三个随机沙袋重量相互独立,其总重量仍服从正态分布。总均值是三个均值之和,总方差是三个方差之和;确定新分布后把 54.1 标准化。

答题过程

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Let

X=S1+S2+S3.X=S_1+S_2+S_3.

Since the bag weights are independent,

E(X)=3(18)=54,Var(X)=3(0.032)=0.0027.\begin{align*} E(X)=&\,3(18)=54,\\ \operatorname{Var}(X) =&\,3(0.03^2)\\ =&\,0.0027. \end{align*}

Thus

XN(54,0.0027).X\sim\operatorname{N}(54,0.0027).

Therefore,

P(X>54.1)=P(Z>54.1540.0027)=P(Z>1.9245)=0.0271(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(X>54.1) =&\,P\left( Z>\frac{54.1-54}{\sqrt{0.0027}} \right)\\ =&\,P(Z>1.9245\ldots)\\ =&\,\boxed{0.0271}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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“两袋重量相差超过 0.02”是绝对值事件。令 Y=C1C2Y=C_1-C_2,其均值为 0;正态分布关于 0 对称,因此先算 P(Y>0.02)P(Y>0.02),再乘以 2。

答题过程

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Let

Y=C1C2.Y=C_1-C_2.

Since C1C_1 and C2C_2 are independent,

E(Y)=2525=0,Var(Y)=0.032+(1)2(0.032)=0.0018.\begin{align*} E(Y)=&\,25-25=0,\\ \operatorname{Var}(Y) =&\,0.03^2+(-1)^2(0.03^2)\\ =&\,0.0018. \end{align*}

Therefore,

P(Y>0.02)=P(Z>0.020.0018)=P(Z>0.4714)=0.3187.\begin{align*} P(Y>0.02) =&\,P\left( Z>\frac{0.02}{\sqrt{0.0018}} \right)\\ =&\,P(Z>0.4714\ldots)\\ =&\,0.3187\ldots. \end{align*}

By symmetry,

P(C1C2>0.02)=2P(Y>0.02)=2(0.3187)=0.637(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(|C_1-C_2|>0.02) =&\,2P(Y>0.02)\\ =&\,2(0.3187\ldots)\\ =&\,\boxed{0.637}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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先把含 P1P_1 的项移到同一边。由于 TT 本身已经含一个 P1P_1,所以 T30P1T-30P_1 中托盘项的系数是 29-29,不是 30-30。随后求这个线性组合的均值、方差并标准化。

答题过程

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Write

T=P1+i=15Ci+i=128Si.T=P_1+\sum_{i=1}^{5}C_i+\sum_{i=1}^{28}S_i.

The required event is

T30P1<190.T-30P_1<190.

Let

R=T30P1=i=15Ci+i=128Si29P1.\begin{align*} R =&\,T-30P_1\\ =&\,\sum_{i=1}^{5}C_i +\sum_{i=1}^{28}S_i-29P_1. \end{align*}

Using independence,

E(R)=5(25)+28(18)29(15)=194,\begin{align*} E(R) =&\,5(25)+28(18)-29(15)\\ =&\,194, \end{align*}

and

Var(R)=5(0.032)+28(0.032)+(29)2(0.22)=33.6697.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Var}(R) =&\,5(0.03^2)+28(0.03^2)\\ &\qquad{}+(-29)^2(0.2^2)\\ =&\,33.6697. \end{align*}

Hence

RN(194,33.6697).R\sim\operatorname{N}(194,33.6697).

Therefore,

P(T<30P1+190)=P(R<190)=P(Z<19019433.6697)=P(Z<0.6893)=0.245(3 s.f.).\begin{align*} P(T<30P_1+190) =&\,P(R<190)\\ =&\,P\left( Z<\frac{190-194}{\sqrt{33.6697}} \right)\\ =&\,P(Z<-0.6893\ldots)\\ =&\,\boxed{0.245}\quad\text{(3 s.f.)}. \end{align*}