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S3 2026 Jan A Q2

A Level / Edexcel / S3

IAL 2026 Jan A Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

The random variable XX follows a continuous uniform distribution over the interval [α−3,2α+3][\alpha - 3, 2\alpha + 3] where α\alpha is a constant.

The mean of a random sample of size nn is denoted by X‾\overline{X}.

(a) Show that X‾\overline{X} is a biased estimator of α\alpha, and state the bias.

(3)

Given that Y=kX‾Y = k\overline{X} is an unbiased estimator for α\alpha

(b) find the value of kk.

(1)

A random sample of 10 values of XX is taken and the results are as follows

358124131085123 \quad 5 \quad 8 \quad 12 \quad 4 \quad 13 \quad 10 \quad 8 \quad 5 \quad 12

(c) Hence estimate the maximum value of XX

(3)
(Total for Question 2 is 7 marks)
题目中文翻译

随机变量 XX 服从区间 [α−3,2α+3][\alpha-3,2\alpha+3] 上的连续均匀分布,其中 α\alpha 为常数。

从该分布中抽取一个大小为 nn 的随机样本,其样本均值记作 X‾\overline{X}。

(a) 证明 X‾\overline{X} 是 α\alpha 的有偏估计量,并写出其偏差。

(3)

已知 Y=kX‾Y=k\overline{X} 是 α\alpha 的无偏估计量。

(b) 求 kk 的值。

(1)

从 XX 中随机抽取 10 个值,结果如下:

3 5 8 12 4 13 10 8 5 12

(c) 因而估计 XX 的最大值。

(3)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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连续均匀分布的期望等于区间两端点的平均值,而样本均值的期望等于总体期望。将 E(X‾)E(\overline{X}) 与待估参数 α\alpha 比较,再按“估计量的期望减去参数”计算偏差。

答题过程

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For a continuous uniform distribution over [α−3,2α+3][\alpha-3,2\alpha+3],

E(X)= (α−3)+(2α+3)2= 3α2.\begin{align*} E(X)=&\,\frac{(\alpha-3)+(2\alpha+3)}{2}\\ =&\,\frac{3\alpha}{2}. \end{align*}

Therefore,

E(X‾)=E(X)=3α2.E(\overline{X})=E(X)=\frac{3\alpha}{2}.

Since this is not identically equal to α\alpha, X‾\overline{X} is a biased estimator of α\alpha. Its bias is

Bias⁡(X‾)= E(X‾)−α= 3α2−α= α2.\begin{align*} \operatorname{Bias}(\overline{X}) =&\,E(\overline{X})-\alpha\\ =&\,\frac{3\alpha}{2}-\alpha\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{\alpha}{2}}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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无偏要求 E(Y)=αE(Y)=\alpha。利用期望的线性性质,把 E(kX‾)E(k\overline{X}) 写成 kE(X‾)kE(\overline{X}),即可求出修正系数 kk。

答题过程

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Since Y=kX‾Y=k\overline{X} is unbiased for α\alpha,

E(Y)= αkE(X‾)= αk(3α2)= αk= 23.\begin{align*} E(Y)=&\,\alpha\\ kE(\overline{X})=&\,\alpha\\ k\big(\frac{3\alpha}{2}\big)=&\,\alpha\\ k=&\,\boxed{\frac{2}{3}}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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先由样本数据算出 x‾=8\overline{x}=8。承接 (b),用无偏估计量 Y=23X‾Y=\frac23\overline{X} 估计 α\alpha,再代入区间上端点 2α+32\alpha+3,这就是所求的最大值估计。

答题过程

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The sample mean is

x‾= 3+5+8+12+4+13+10+8+5+1210= 8010= 8.\begin{align*} \overline{x} =&\,\frac{3+5+8+12+4+13+10+8+5+12}{10}\\ =&\,\frac{80}{10}\\ =&\,8. \end{align*}

Hence, using the unbiased estimator found in part (b),

α^= 23x‾= 23(8)= 163.\begin{align*} \widehat{\alpha} =&\,\frac{2}{3}\overline{x}\\ =&\,\frac{2}{3}(8)\\ =&\,\frac{16}{3}. \end{align*}

The maximum value of XX is the upper endpoint 2α+32\alpha+3. Therefore, its estimate is

2α^+3= 2(163)+3= 413= 1323.\begin{align*} 2\widehat{\alpha}+3 =&\,2\big(\frac{16}{3}\big)+3\\ =&\,\frac{41}{3}\\ =&\,\boxed{13\frac{2}{3}}. \end{align*}