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S3 2026 Jan Q2

A Level / Edexcel / S3

IAL 2026 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

2.

At a dog show, 5 Great Dane dogs were ranked by two judges, judge X and judge Y.

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between the judges’ ranks is calculated and a test for positive correlation is carried out at the 5% significance level.

(a) State suitable hypotheses for the test.

(1)

Given that the result of the hypothesis test was to reject H0H_0,

(b) show that the largest possible value of ∑d2\sum d^2 is 2.

(3)

The table below gives the rank order for judge X.

DogABCDE
Judge X12345

Given that ∑d2\sum d^2 takes its largest possible value,

(c) find a possible order for judge Y’s rankings.

(2)
(Total for Question 2 is 6 marks)
题目中文翻译

在一场狗展中,5 只大丹犬由两位评委 X 和 Y 进行排名。

已计算出两位评委排名的 Spearman 秩相关系数,并在 5% 的显著性水平下进行正相关检验。

(a) 写出适合该检验的假设。

(1)

已知该假设检验的结果是拒绝 H0H_0。

(b) 证明 ∑d2\sum d^2 的最大可能值为 2。

(3)

下表给出了评委 X 的排名顺序。

狗ABCDE
评委 X12345

已知 ∑d2\sum d^2 取到最大可能值,

(c) 写出评委 Y 的一种可能排名顺序。

(2)

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

题目检验的是“正相关”,因此使用单尾假设:原假设表示总体没有等级相关,备择假设表示总体 Spearman 等级相关系数为正。

答题过程

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Let ρs\rho_s be the population Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Then

H0:ρs=0,H1:ρs>0.H_0:\rho_s=0, \qquad H_1:\rho_s>0.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

对 n=5n=5 的 5%5\% 单尾正相关检验,拒绝域为 rs≥0.9r_s\geq0.9。把 Spearman 公式代入这个不等式,直接限制 ∑d2\sum d^2;由于拒绝原假设时允许取临界值本身,最大值恰为 2。

答题过程

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For n=5n=5, the critical value for a one-tailed test at the 5%5\% significance level is 0.90.9. Since H0H_0 is rejected,

rs≥0.9.r_s\geq0.9.

Using Spearman’s rank correlation formula,

1−6∑d25(52−1)≥ 0.91−∑d220≥ 0.9∑d220≤ 0.1∑d2≤ 2.\begin{align*} 1-\frac{6\sum d^2}{5(5^2-1)} \geq&\,0.9\\ 1-\frac{\sum d^2}{20} \geq&\,0.9\\ \frac{\sum d^2}{20} \leq&\,0.1\\ \sum d^2 \leq&\,2. \end{align*}

For example, rank differences 0,0,0,−1,10,0,0,-1,1 give

∑d2=02+02+02+(−1)2+12=2.\sum d^2=0^2+0^2+0^2+(-1)^2+1^2=2.

Thus 2 is attainable, so the largest possible value is

∑d2=2.\boxed{\sum d^2=2}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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要使 ∑d2=2\sum d^2=2,可以只交换 X 评委排名中的一对相邻犬只。这样两只犬的排名差分别为 11 与 −1-1,其余三只的排名差为 0,平方和正好是 2。

答题过程

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One possible set of ranks for judge Y is

DogABCDE
Judge X12345
Judge Y12354
d=X−Yd=X-Y000−1-11

Then

∑d2=02+02+02+(−1)2+12=2.\sum d^2=0^2+0^2+0^2+(-1)^2+1^2=2.

Therefore, a possible order for judge Y is

A, B, C, E, D.\boxed{A,\ B,\ C,\ E,\ D}.