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IAL 2026 Jan S3 Q2

A Level / Edexcel / S3

IAL 2026 Jan Paper · Question 2

题目

Problem

At a dog show, 5 Great Dane dogs were ranked by two judges, judge X and judge Y.

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between the judges’ ranks is calculated and a test for positive correlation is carried out at the 5% significance level.

(a) State suitable hypotheses for the test.

(1)

Given that the result of the hypothesis test was to reject H0,

(b) show that the largest possible value of d2\sum d^2 is 2.

(3)

The table below gives the rank order for judge X.

DogABCDE
Judge X12345

Given that d2\sum d^2 takes its largest possible value,

(c) find a possible order for judge Y’s rankings.

(2)
(Total for Question 2 is 6 marks)
题目中文翻译

在一场狗展中,5 只大丹犬由两位评委 X 和 Y 进行排名。

已计算出两位评委排名的 Spearman 秩相关系数,并在 5% 的显著性水平下进行正相关检验。

(a) 写出适合该检验的假设。

已知该假设检验的结果是拒绝 H0H_0

(b) 证明 d2\sum d^2 的最大可能值为 2。

下表给出了评委 X 的排名顺序。

ABCDE
评委 X12345

已知 d2\sum d^2 取到最大可能值,

(c) 写出评委 Y 的一种可能排名顺序。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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题目检验的是“正相关”,因此使用单尾假设:原假设表示总体没有等级相关,备择假设表示总体 Spearman 等级相关系数为正。

答题过程

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Let ρs\rho_s be the population Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Then

H0:ρs=0,H1:ρs>0.H_0:\rho_s=0, \qquad H_1:\rho_s>0.

(b)

解法一

思路

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n=5n=55%5\% 单尾正相关检验,拒绝域为 rs0.9r_s\geq0.9。把 Spearman 公式代入这个不等式,直接限制 d2\sum d^2;由于拒绝原假设时允许取临界值本身,最大值恰为 2。

答题过程

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For n=5n=5, the critical value for a one-tailed test at the 5%5\% significance level is 0.90.9. Since H0H_0 is rejected,

rs0.9.r_s\geq0.9.

Using Spearman’s rank correlation formula,

16d25(521)0.91d2200.9d2200.1d22.\begin{align*} 1-\frac{6\sum d^2}{5(5^2-1)} \geq&\,0.9\\ 1-\frac{\sum d^2}{20} \geq&\,0.9\\ \frac{\sum d^2}{20} \leq&\,0.1\\ \sum d^2 \leq&\,2. \end{align*}

For example, rank differences 0,0,0,1,10,0,0,-1,1 give

d2=02+02+02+(1)2+12=2.\sum d^2=0^2+0^2+0^2+(-1)^2+1^2=2.

Thus 2 is attainable, so the largest possible value is

d2=2.\boxed{\sum d^2=2}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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要使 d2=2\sum d^2=2,可以只交换 X 评委排名中的一对相邻犬只。这样两只犬的排名差分别为 111-1,其余三只的排名差为 0,平方和正好是 2。

答题过程

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One possible set of ranks for judge Y is

DogABCDE
Judge X12345
Judge Y12354
d=XYd=X-Y0001-11

Then

d2=02+02+02+(1)2+12=2.\sum d^2=0^2+0^2+0^2+(-1)^2+1^2=2.

Therefore, a possible order for judge Y is

A, B, C, E, D.\boxed{A,\ B,\ C,\ E,\ D}.